This project aims to generate major breakthroughs in the quantification of ecosystem services provided by biodiversity in agro-ecosystems in the lower Mekong basin, a region facing dramatic environmental and societal changes. In Laos and Cambodia, paddy fields appear as mosaics owing to the presence of mounds built by termites. A multidisciplinary approach will be used to characterize and quantify the ecological (e.g., impact on animal and plant biodiversity), environmental (e.g., impact on soil and water dynamic, pesticide utilization) as well as socio-economical processes (e.g., impact on food security, human health, and farmer incomes) impacted by these patches of biodiversity and fertility, in adequacy with the axis 1.6 and the Sustainable Development Goals n°1, 2, 3, 8, 13 and 15. This project is built around 5 inter-connected tasks and gathers 8 French academic partners, one private company and self-funded research units in Laos, Cambodia and USA with complementary expertise.